Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for email transmission. It is a protocol used to send and receive email messages between mail servers and is widely used […]

The star topology is a network arrangement where devices are connected to a central device or hub using individual point-to-point connections. In this topology, all communication between devices passes through […]

Bus topology is a network arrangement in which devices are connected to a common communication medium called a bus. In this topology, all devices share a single cable, and data […]

Ring topology is a network configuration in which devices are connected in a circular loop or ring. In this topology, data travels in only one direction around the ring, passing […]

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer protocol used for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML files, over the World Wide Web. It is the foundation of any data exchange […]

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server over a computer network, typically the Internet. It was initially defined […]

Domain names provide a human-readable and memorable way to access resources on the Internet. They play a crucial role in navigating the web and accessing websites, email servers, FTP servers, […]

Internet Protocol (IP) is a fundamental protocol of the Internet that provides a set of rules for sending and receiving data packets between devices connected to a network. It is […]

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport layer protocol used in computer networks. It provides a simple, minimalistic, and lightweight method of delivering data between devices on a […]

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is an essential network-layer protocol within the Internet Protocol Suite. It plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and exchanging error messages between network […]